In this section we use continued fractions for expansion of irrational numbers.
Theorem 1. Let
be a sequence of intergers with
for every
. Then the sequence
is a convergent sequence, and the its limit is an irrational number. We denote this limit by
.
Proof. From [1] we have
and for all
,
hence by induction on
,
for every
. Therefore
.
By the Proposition 4 in [1], for all
,

hence
Therefore
and
hence
and
are convergent sequences. By (1) and
we have
so
is a convergent sequence.
Now we prove
is an irrational number. We have
Thus, by (1),
By the Proposition 2 in [1],
and
are coprime integers for every
, hence there are infinite rational numbers
, with
and
, such that

Assume that
is rational and write
, where
and
are coprime integers. For all positive integers
, at most two integers
satisfy the equation (2), hence there are coprime integers
and
such that

From the inequality we have
, hence
, a contradiction. Therefore
is an irrational number. 
Theorem 2. Let
be an irrational number. Then there is a unique sequence of integers
such that
(1)
for every
.
(2)
.
Proof. In this proof,
is the integer part of
. Because
is an irrational number, we have
, hence there is a real number
such that
![\displaystyle \alpha=[\alpha]+\frac{1}{u_1}.](https://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5Cdisplaystyle+%5Calpha%3D%5B%5Calpha%5D%2B%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7Bu_1%7D.&bg=ffffff&fg=000000&s=0&c=20201002)
Because
is an irrational and
is an integer,
is an irrational number. Hence there is an irrational number
such that
![\displaystyle u_1=[u_1]+\frac{1}{u_2},](https://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5Cdisplaystyle+u_1%3D%5Bu_1%5D%2B%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7Bu_2%7D%2C&bg=ffffff&fg=000000&s=0&c=20201002)
and so on. Therefore we have real numbers
,
,
,
such that
is irrationals for every
and
We claim that
. Fix a
. We have
![\displaystyle \alpha=[[u_0];[u_1],\ldots, [u_k],u_{k+1}].](https://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5Cdisplaystyle+%5Calpha%3D%5B%5Bu_0%5D%3B%5Bu_1%5D%2C%5Cldots%2C+%5Bu_k%5D%2Cu_%7Bk%2B1%7D%5D.&bg=ffffff&fg=000000&s=0&c=20201002)
Hence, by Proposition 4 in [1],
so
. Now assume that
where
and
are two sequences of integers such that
and
for every
.
Because
we have
Hence
and
. Similarly,
and
![\displaystyle [a_2;a_3,a_4,\ldots] = [b_2;b_3,b_4,\ldots],](https://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5Cdisplaystyle+%5Ba_2%3Ba_3%2Ca_4%2C%5Cldots%5D+%3D+%5Bb_2%3Bb_3%2Cb_4%2C%5Cldots%5D%2C&bg=ffffff&fg=000000&s=0&c=20201002)
and so on. Therefore
for every
. 
The equality in the theorem is called an expansion of
into a infinite continued fraction. In that expansion we will call
is the
th convergent of the continued fraction, or
th convergent of
. The theorem says that for every irrational number has an expansion into a infinite continued fraction, and this expansion is unique.
Example 1.
.
Example 2. The golden ratio
.
Example 3.
.
A sequence
is called eventually periodic if
for some positive integer
and sufficiently large
. A real number is called quadratic irrational number, if there is a polynomial
is of degree two with rational coefficients such that
is an irreducible polynomial (see [3]) over the rational numbers and
is a root of
.
Theorem 3. Let
be an irrational number and
is the expansion of
into a infinite continued fraction. Then
is eventually periodic if and only if
is a quadratic irrational.
References
[1] https://nttuan.org/2008/10/12/continued-fractions-the-basics/
[2] https://nttuan.org/2008/11/14/continued-fraction-expansion-of-rational-numbers/
[3] https://nttuan.org/2009/01/11/poly02/