November 2008 – T's Lab

In this section we use continued fractions ([2]) for expansion of rational numbers. If $\displaystyle x_0$ , $\displaystyle x_1$ , $\displaystyle \ldots$ , are integer nunbers with $\displaystyle x_i>0$ for every $\displaystyle i>0$ then $\displaystyle [x_0;x_1,x_2,\ldots,x_n]\in\mathbb{Q},\quad\forall n\geq 0.$

Conversly, we have the theorem

Theorem 1. Let $\displaystyle r$ and $\displaystyle s$ be coprime integers with $\displaystyle s>0$ . Then there are non negative integer $\displaystyle n$ and integers $\displaystyle a_0$ , $\displaystyle a_1$ , $\displaystyle \ldots$ , $\displaystyle a_n$ such that

(1) $\displaystyle a_i>0$ for every $\displaystyle i=1,2,\ldots,n$ .

(2) $\displaystyle r/s=[a_0;a_1,a_2,\ldots,a_n]$ .

Proof. Let us proceed by induction on $\displaystyle s$ . The case $\displaystyle s=1$ is trivial. Now suppose that the assertion is true for all positive integers up to $\displaystyle s-1$ ( $\displaystyle s>1$ ). Because $\displaystyle (r,s)=1$ and $\displaystyle s>1$ , we have $\displaystyle s\nmid r$ . Hence by the Division Algorithm ([1]), there are integers $\displaystyle a$ and $\displaystyle b$ such that

$\displaystyle r=sa+b,\quad 1\leq b<s.\quad\quad (1)$

By the hypothesis of the induction, there are integers $\displaystyle m>0$ , $\displaystyle a_1$ , $\displaystyle a_2>0$ , $\displaystyle \ldots$ , $\displaystyle a_m>0$ such that

$\displaystyle \frac{s}{b}=[a_1;a_2,a_3,\ldots,a_m].\quad\quad (2)$

Because $\displaystyle s>b$ , we have $\displaystyle a_1>0$ . From (1) and (2) we have

$\displaystyle \frac{r}{s}=a+\frac{1}{s/b}=a+\frac{1}{[a_1;a_2,a_3,\ldots,a_m]}=[a;a_1,a_2,\ldots,a_m],$ completing the induction step. $\Box$

The equality in the theorem is called an expansion of $\displaystyle r/s$ into a finite continued fraction. In that expansion we will call $\displaystyle [a_0;a_1,a_2,\ldots,a_i]$ is the $i-$ th convergent of the continued fraction, or $i-$ th convergent of $\displaystyle r/s$ .

Example 1. Find an expansion of $\displaystyle 43/5$ into a finite continued fraction.

Solution. By the Division Algorithm, we have

$\displaystyle 43=5\cdot 8+3\quad\quad\frac{43}{5}=8+\frac{3}{5}=8+\frac{1}{5/3},$ and

$\displaystyle 5= 3\cdot 1 +2\quad\quad\frac{5}{3}=1+\frac{2}{3}=1+\frac{1}{3/2},$ and $\displaystyle \frac{3}{2}=1+\frac{1}{2}$ . Therefore $\displaystyle 43/5=[8;1,1,2]$ . $\Box$

The theorem says that for every rational number has an expansion into a finite continued fraction. But this expansion is not unique.

Example 2. $\displaystyle 13/5=[2;1,1,2]=[2;1,1,1,1]$ . $\Box$

Theorem 2. Let $\displaystyle \alpha$ be an integer number. Then $\displaystyle \alpha$ has exactly two expansions into a finite continued fraction.

Proof. By the theorem 1, we can write

$\displaystyle \alpha=[a_0;a_1,a_2,\ldots,a_n],$

where $a_0$ , $a_1$ , $\ldots$ , $a_n$ are integers such that $a_i>0$ for every $i=1,2,\ldots,n$ . If $\displaystyle n=0$ then $\displaystyle \alpha=a_0$ and $\displaystyle \alpha=[\alpha]$ is an expansion of $\displaystyle \alpha$ . If $\displaystyle n=1$ then $\displaystyle \alpha=a_0+\frac{1}{a_1}$ , hence $\displaystyle \frac{1}{a_1}$ is an integer, so $\displaystyle a_1=1$ . Therefore $\displaystyle \alpha=[\alpha-1;1]$ is an expansion of $\displaystyle \alpha$ .

Now assume that $\displaystyle n\geq 2$ . We have

$\displaystyle \alpha-a_0=\frac{1}{[a_1;a_2,\ldots,a_n]}$

is an integer number and $\displaystyle [a_1;a_2,\ldots,a_n]>0$ , hence $\displaystyle [a_1;a_2,\ldots,a_n]\leq 1$ . This claim is false because $\displaystyle n\geq 2$ and $\displaystyle a_i\geq 1$ for every $\displaystyle i=1,2,\ldots,n$ . $\Box$

Theorem 3. Let $\displaystyle \alpha$ be a rational number but not an integer. Then $\displaystyle \alpha$ has exactly two expansions into a finite continued fraction.

Proof. Assume that $\displaystyle \alpha=\alpha=r/s$ , where $\displaystyle r$ and $\displaystyle s>1$ are coprime integers. We prove by induction on $\displaystyle s$ that $\displaystyle \alpha$ has exactly two expansions into a finite continued fraction

$\displaystyle \alpha=[a_0;a_1,\ldots,a_n]=[a_0;a_1,\ldots,a_n-1,1],$

where $\displaystyle a_n>1$ . If $\displaystyle s=2$ , because $\displaystyle (r,s)=1$ there is an integer $\displaystyle k$ such that $\displaystyle r=2k+1$ . By the theorem 1, we can write

$\displaystyle \alpha=k+\frac{1}{2}=[a_0;a_1,a_2,\ldots,a_n],$

where $a_0$ , $a_1$ , $\ldots$ , $a_n$ are integers such that $a_i>0$ for every $i=1,2,\ldots,n$ . We have $n>0$ and $a_0=k$ , hence $\displaystyle 2=[a_1;a_2,\ldots,a_n]$ . By the theorem 2, we have $2$ has exactly two expansions into a finite continued fraction, those are $2=[2]$ and $2=[1;1]$ , therefore $\alpha$ has exactly two expansions $\displaystyle \alpha=[k;2]=[k;1,1],$ hence the claim is true for $\displaystyle s=2$ . Now suppose that the claim is true for $\displaystyle 2$ , $\displaystyle 3$ , $\displaystyle \ldots$ , $\displaystyle s-1$ ( $\displaystyle s>2$ ). By the theorem 1, we can write

$\displaystyle \alpha=[a_0;a_1,a_2,\ldots,a_n],$

where $a_0$ , $a_1$ , $\ldots$ , $a_n$ are integers such that $a_i>0$ for every $i=1,2,\ldots,n$ . We have $n>0$ and $a_0=[\alpha]$ (integer part of $\alpha$ ), hence $\displaystyle \frac{1}{\alpha-[\alpha]}=[a_1;a_2,\ldots,a_n].$ By the Division Algorithm, there is an integer $\displaystyle a$ such that $\displaystyle r=s[\alpha]+a$ and $1\leq a<s$ , then

$\displaystyle \frac{s}{a}=[a_1;a_2,\ldots,a_n].$

If $a=1$ then $a_1>1$ and by the theorem 2, we have $s/a$ has exactly two expansions are $s/a=[a_1]$ and $\displaystyle s/a=[a_1-1;1]$ . If $\displaystyle a>1$ then by the hypothesis of the induction (note that $\displaystyle s$ and $\displaystyle a$ are coprime integers), $\displaystyle s/a$ has exactly two expansions are