## Problems From the Book

Tôi giới thiệu với các bạn chuẩn bị tham dự kì thi chọn đội tuyển Toán Việt Nam tham dự IMO (Vietnam TST) hai cuốn sách sau đây:

1) “Problems From the Book” của Titu Andreescu và Gabriel Dospinescu.

Đây là đoạn mô tả trên trang của nhà xuất bản XYZ: “The authors provide a combination of enthusiasm and experience which will delight any reader. In this volume they present innumerable beautiful results, intriguing problems, and ingenious solutions. The problems range from elementary gems to deep truths. A trully delightful and highly instructive book, this will prepare the engaged reader not only for any mathematics competition they may enter but also for a life time of mathematical enjoyment. A must for the bookshelves of both aspiring and seasoned mathematicians.”

Bạn mua từ nhà xuất bản hoặc tìm E-book.

2) “Straight from the Book” của Titu Andreescu và Gabriel Dospinescu.

Cuốn 1) có rất nhiều bài tập về nhà, và nhiều bài rất khó. Cuốn 2) sẽ có lời giải của hầu hết các bài tập về nhà trong 1). Đây là đoạn mô tả trên trang của nhà xuất bản XYZ: “This book is a compilation of many suggestions, much advice, and even more hard work. Its main objective is to provide solutions to the problems which were originally proposed in the first 12 chapters of “Problems from the Book”. The volume is far more than a collection of solutions. The solutions are used as motivation for the introduction of some very clear expositions of mathematics. And this is modern, current, up-to-the-minute mathematics. This is absolutely state-of-the-art material. Everyone who loves mathematics and mathematical thinking should acquire this book.”

Editorial Reviews

(Đoạn này được lấy từ amazon. )

This is an exceptionally well-written book. The material is arranged in small chapters, with brief theory in the beginning of each chapter followed by a set of exceptionally difficult problems with solutions. These solutions are elegant, innovative and beautiful. You learn a lot from the solutions. In every page, you will discover one or more clever steps/tricks that will make you wonder “How come I could not think of that?”. If you are preparing for Mathematics Olympiads, working through this book will boost your confidence 100 fold. If you are a math enthusiast, you will enjoy the material – most of it is “Mathematical poetry”. Grab it before it gets sold out! –Dr S Muralidharan

Problems from the Book is rife with elegant mathematical pursuits that are well worth the effort of exploring and solving. For high schoolers up through University students, the book’s problems will illustrate important concepts and provide hours of fun at every sitting. –David Cordeiro

This book is a treasure of the mathematical gems: many many very nice problems and results, historic notes and useful comments. Readers will also find many very interesting original problems from the authors of the book and from others. If you want to develop your mathematical skills in problem solving and your knowledge in diverse mathematical branches, you will definitely find many instructive topics throughout this book. Many thanks to Prof. Andreescu and his colleagues for their invaluable books and problems. I do highly recommend this book and all other books by Prof. Andreescu to all mathematics lovers: from the pupils preparing to participate in mathematical contests to people searching excitement in mathematics. The book contains the following 23 chapters, in addition to preface, bibliography and index: 1. Some Useful Substitutions 2. Always Cauchy-Schwarz … 3. Look at the Exponent 4. Primes and Squares 5. T2’s Lemma 6. Some Classical Problems in Extremal Graph theory 7. Complex Combinatorics 8. Formal Series Revisited 9. A Brief Introduction to Algebraic Number Theory 10. Arithmetic Properties of Polynomials 11. Lagrange Interpolation Formula 12. Higher Algebra in Combinatorics 13. Geometry and Numbers 14. The Smaller, The Better 15. Density and Regular Distribution 16. The Digit Sum of Positive Integer 17. At the Border of Analysis and Number Theory 18. Quadratic Reciprocity 19. Solving Elementary Inequalities Using Integrals 20. Pigeonhole Principle Revisited 21. Some Useful Irreducibility Criteria 22. Cycles, Paths and Other Ways 23. Some Special Applications of Polynomials –H. A. Shah Ali.

Bạn mua từ nhà xuất bản hoặc tìm E-book. Continue reading “Problems From the Book”

## On the elementary symmetric functions of 1, 1⁄2, …, 1⁄n

Cho số nguyên dương $n$$S(k,n)$ là hàm đối xứng sơ cấp thứ $k$ của $\displaystyle 1,\frac{1}{2},\ldots,\frac{1}{n}$, nghĩa là $\displaystyle S(k,n)=\sum_{1\leq i_1

Ta biết rằng nếu $n>1$ thì $S(1;n)$ không phải là số nguyên. Năm 1946, P. Erdos và I. Niven đã chứng minh được rằng chỉ có hữu hạn số nguyên dương $n$ để tồn tại $k$ sao cho $S(k,n)$ là số nguyên.

Tốt hơn nữa, vào năm 2012, Yong-Gao Chen và Min Tang đã chứng minh được rằng nếu $n>3$ thì không có $k$ sao cho $S(k,n)$ là số nguyên.

Dưới đây là chứng minh của họ. Continue reading “On the elementary symmetric functions of 1, 1⁄2, …, 1⁄n”

## Schur’s inequality (1)

See here.

Bài 1. (IMO 1984) Cho $x,y$$z$ là các số thực không âm thỏa mãn $x+y+z=1$. Chứng minh rằng $0\leq xy+yz+zx-2xyz\leq\dfrac{7}{27}.$

Bài 2. (IMO 2000) Cho $a,b,c$ là các số thực dương thỏa mãn $abc=1$. Chứng minh rằng

$\displaystyle\left(a-1+\dfrac{1}{b}\right)\left(b-1+\dfrac{1}{c}\right)\left(c-1+\dfrac{1}{a}\right)\leq 1.$

Bài 4. (AoPS)  Chứng minh rằng nếu $a,b,c$ là các số thực dương thì

$a^2+b^2+c^2+2abc+1\geq 2(ab+bc+ca).$

Bài 5. (Crux Math) Chứng minh rằng với mỗi ba số thực dương $a,b$$c$ ta có $\displaystyle\sum\dfrac{1}{a}\geq\sum\dfrac{b+c}{a^2+bc}.$

Bài 6. Cho các số thực dương $a,b$$c$. Chứng minh rằng

$\displaystyle\sum\sqrt[3]{\dfrac{a^2+bc}{b^2+c^2}}\geq\dfrac{9\sqrt[3]{abc}}{a+b+c}.$ Continue reading “Schur’s inequality (1)”

## Solution of problem 11306 in AMM

Let $a,b,$ and $c$ be the lengths of the sides of a nondegenerate triangle, let $p=(a+b+c)/2$, and let $r$ and $R$ be the inradius and circumradius of the triangle, respectively. Show that $\dfrac{a}{2}\cdot \dfrac{4r-R}{R}\leq\sqrt{(p-b)(p-c)}\leq \dfrac{a}{2},$

and determine the cases of equality.

My solution.